Government debt remains a critical issue for many African nations, with some struggling under alarmingly high debt-to-GDP ratios. These financial burdens pose significant risks to economic stability, inflation control, and fiscal sustainability. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), several African countries are grappling with unsustainable debt levels, raising concerns about their long-term economic health.
The 7 African Countries with the Highest Government Debt
1. Sudan – 344.4% Debt-to-GDP Ratio
Sudan tops the list with a staggering government debt-to-GDP ratio of 344.4%. This alarming figure is a result of years of economic instability, political turmoil, and weak financial management. The country continues to battle inflation, currency depreciation, and unsustainable borrowing, making debt reduction a formidable challenge.
2. Zimbabwe – 98.5% Debt-to-GDP Ratio
Zimbabwe ranks second with a debt ratio of 98.5%. The country’s financial struggles stem from long-standing economic mismanagement, hyperinflation, and a history of external debt defaults. Despite government efforts to stabilize the economy, the high debt burden continues to hinder recovery and sustainable growth.
3. Mozambique – 96.9% Debt-to-GDP Ratio
Mozambique follows closely with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 96.9%. The country has faced multiple financial crises, including hidden debt scandals and significant external borrowing for infrastructure projects. Meeting debt obligations has been challenging, raising concerns about long-term economic sustainability.
4. Egypt – 96.4% Debt-to-GDP Ratio
Egypt, one of Africa’s largest economies, has accumulated a debt-to-GDP ratio of 96.4%. Large-scale public spending, infrastructure investments, and external borrowing have contributed to its high debt levels. While economic reforms have been implemented, managing this significant debt remains a pressing concern for the government.
5. Republic of Congo – 94.6% Debt-to-GDP Ratio
The Republic of Congo holds a debt ratio of 94.6%, primarily due to declining oil revenues and excessive borrowing. The country’s financial struggles have significantly strained its economy, making fiscal stability a key challenge moving forward.
6. Ghana – 83.6% Debt-to-GDP Ratio
Ghana has experienced mounting debt in recent years, reaching a debt-to-GDP ratio of 83.6%. In response, the country has sought assistance from the IMF to stabilize its economy, implement fiscal reforms, and restructure its debt. Addressing its debt burden remains a crucial priority for economic recovery.
7. Mauritius – 81% Debt-to-GDP Ratio
Mauritius, despite its reputation as a financial hub, has seen its debt rise to 81% of GDP. Economic pressures from the COVID-19 pandemic and a decline in tourism revenues have contributed to this increase. The government continues to explore measures to enhance revenue generation and economic resilience.
Government Debt Rankings in Africa (2025)
| Rank | Country | Debt-to-GDP Ratio (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sudan | 344.4% |
| 2 | Zimbabwe | 98.5% |
| 3 | Mozambique | 96.9% |
| 4 | Egypt | 96.4% |
| 5 | Congo | 94.6% |
| 6 | Ghana | 83.6% |
| 7 | Mauritius | 81% |
Economic Implications and the Way Forward
High government debt can have severe consequences, including inflation, currency depreciation, and limited fiscal space for essential development projects. Many of these countries have turned to international financial institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank for assistance in managing their debt crises.
To achieve sustainable debt levels, these nations must implement comprehensive fiscal policies, structural reforms, and improved governance. Strengthening revenue generation, reducing dependency on external borrowing, and fostering economic growth will be key to achieving long-term financial stability.
As African economies navigate these financial challenges, prudent debt management remains crucial to ensuring economic resilience and prosperity in the future.
